Abraham Lincoln Reaffirmed the Values of Our Founding Fathers

Seven score and nine years ago, Abraham Lincoln, our sixteenth President of the United States of America, set off for Gettysburg in order to consecrate Gettysburg National Cemetery. In an uncharacteristically short speech-at least for the 1860s-Lincoln was able to reaffirm the values our Founding Fathers had laid down in the Declaration of Independence as well as the Constitution, and painted a vision of a unified United States where freedom and democracy would be the rule for all citizens. Lincoln utilized various rhetorical devices to make the Gettysburg Address accomplish two tasks in one. The first is to bring remembrance to the principals and morals for which the United States was built upon, second is to honor the brave soldiers who fought and died at Gettysburg and consecrate the land upon which they stood and finally was to sway those attending into giving their â€Å"†¦last full measure of devotion-† to ensure a nation that would remain built upon the concepts o f liberty and democracy and continues to gain support for the cause of the war.. Seeking only to honor the dead and inspire the living, Lincoln ended up delivering one of the most powerful speeches in American-if not world-history. Lincoln, begins by citing the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution in the opening line, â€Å"Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.† TheseShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesbrutal oppression reached once unimaginable levels—in large part due to the refinement or introduction of new technologies of repression and surveillance and modes of mass organization and control. Breakthroughs in the sciences that greatly enhanced our understandings of the natural world and made for major advances in medicine and health care were very often offset by the degradation of the global environment and massive spurts in excessive mortality brought on by warfare, famine, periodic genocidal

Essay about Sephora Final - 1485 Words

Sephora Direct 1. Assuming she receives the additional funding, how should Bornstein allocate her budget across the various digital categories? Given that the additional funding requested must be shifted from Sephora’s other marketing spending, where would you propose to cut? Why? According to 2010 data, 45% of Sephoras media spending is in retail marketing that includes catalogs, store animations and print followed by 35% in Online marketing that includes search, affiliate and social media and 20% in Beauty Insider marketing that includes mails, gifts and events. The major chunk of media spending goes to traditional retail spending which in my view needs to be cut down. The reason for cutting catalog and print costs is that each day†¦show more content†¦2010 marketing mix was - Print catalogs - Direct mail/ Ads - Emails - Store window merchandizing - Online search advertising - Sales/promotions - Online display advertising Beauty talk was launched in September 2010. As more and more people started shopping online, beauty talk became important. I feel that it was wise to create Beauty Talk as a separate social platform to facebook because it connected the company with its beauty insiders, future customers and its clients. It became a central place where clients could anonymously ask personal questions and get quick response from Sephora experts or other members of the Sephora community. Also with beauty talk, Sephora could recognize its Superusers - people who answered a lot of questions voluntarily. It was built with strong search functionality. It also helped Sephora to save and query responses. People could ask potentially embarrassing questions which would not be possible to be asked on facebook as the real identity of the member would be revealed. Viewers could also search previously posted questions and answers. But it did not get the required response as people found it to be more in-depth and le ss well-understood experience. 3. As Sephora increasingly dabbles with digital marketing and social media, which competitors should the company be most worried about? Sephoras competitors include: a. Departmental stores: Macys andShow MoreRelatedSephor A Retail Chain Of Perfume And Cosmetics Stores Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pages 1. About Sephora Sephora is a retail chain of perfume and cosmetics stores founded in 1969 by Dominique Mandonnaud. It first started as a small perfumery in Limoges, France, called Shop 8 and was revolutionary at that time due to its concept of assisted self-service . The store had an open-sell setting where customers could try the products before they bought them and where the organisation of the products was by type, not by brand as in every other store. In 1993, Mandonnaud bought 38 retailRead MoreSephor A Retail Chain Of Cosmetics And Perfume Stores Essay1711 Words   |  7 PagesSephora is a retail chain of cosmetics and perfume stores founded in 1969 by Dominique Mandonnaud. It first started as a small perfumery in Limoges, France, called Shop 8 and was revolutionary at that time due to its concept of assisted self-service . The store had an open-sell setting where customers could try the products before they bought them and where the organization of the products in the store was by type, not by brand as in every other store. In 1993, Mandonnaud bought 38 retail cosmeticsRead MoreMarketing Sephora4083 Words   |  17 Pagesbalance the capabilities and assets of the company with opportunities outside the internal environment of the business. This is a marketing report, which will examine and analyse possibility for the French based chain of cosmetic stores called Sephora to enter UK market. The first part of the report will give a brief overview of the company, which will then be followed by Macro- Environmental Trend analysis of the market. This will be done by means of the application of PESTEL model, which willRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility Has Long Gone1347 Words   |  6 Pagesproducts produced and sold under Sephora are a part of Volunteer Architects Network; 2. There exists a partnership between Moà «t Hennessy and Aseema, a not for profit organization in India; 3. Donation from LVMH Group helps for research and care for children at the Robert Debrà © hospital; 4. In France, partnership with â€Å"Nos Quartiers ont des Talents† a non-profit association; (Unglobalcompact.org) Strategic planning: (http://www.slideshare.net/ilario78/lvmh-final-ppt-team-5-16495684) LVMH launchedRead MoreProduct Market Analysis Paper772 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Product Market Analysis Paper March 22, 2015 Nathan Butler Jr. As we wrap our final week in class, we’ve been discussing the proper format on how to promote or advertise whether it’s a sports drink, product, or any items in general. As I reflected over our class discussions, I started to think about some of the products that I felt weren’t receiving the proper marketing tactics and although a few came in mind, I thought about this cleaning product known as Awesome! Awesome Cleaning, which hasRead MoreLvmh : The Flagship Brand2323 Words   |  10 Pagesthough Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton is all luxury and they do have pretty similar brands-Moet and Dom both being Champagne-they still like to have some diversity. They will not take on too many similar brands for the sake of having some diversity. The final organizational strategy that Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton SA uses is marketing and distribution. Marketing is a huge part of any companies success and LVMH spares no expense when it comes to letting the public know about the ir product. This includesRead MoreWorld Leader Of Luxury Products1085 Words   |  5 Pagesthe economies of major European communities and uplift their notoriety for being cultural epicenters. Twenty-five percent of LVMH revenue is from the United States, 29% is from Asia, 17% is from Europe, 10% is from France, 7% is from Japan, and the final 12% is from other markets. In 2014, LVMH had a â‚ ¬19,837 million gross margin, and a â‚ ¬6,105 million net profit. Thirty-five percent of the annual revenue of LVMH is from the Fashion Leather Goods division. The rest of the annual revenue is as follows:Read MoreA Study On Oral History Assignment1385 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause of an appealing ad, he answered with an affirm no. Atif though acknowledges that we have become accustomed to filtering these ads out. â€Å"We sit through them, ignoring them, because we have no other way of getting to the content we want.† In his final thoughts, he did emphasize on a few things, which I found vital to note down. â€Å"Advertising can be harmful depending on how it is used, if it is creating a norm around something that is not achievable by a large segment of population then it is creatingRead MoreThe Death Of A Nurse1664 Words   |  7 Pagesfelt protective suddenly. Her dark curls knotted as they drooped wadded, and messy, over her shoulders. She wore no makeup. This was a strangers face, a faded, pale, face Melanie almost couldn’t recognize. Her mother always wore the complete line of Sephora makeup, always. Katherine barely shifted her eyes when Melanie approached her. Melanie softly announced herself by saying, Hi Mom. She waited for a response, nothing. Her mother must not have heard her. Clearing her throat to attempt it again. AlthoughRead MoreJCPenney: Americas Retail Destination Essay2286 Words   |  10 Pagessince January 31 of 2009. In 2009, their selling general and administrat ive expenses were only $5,280,000. Ultimately, that may indicate that from 2009 to 2010 it’s possible that JCPenney’s created job opportunities for people. Capital is the final factor in the production function. Generally, when capital is thought of the term money comes to mind. When dealing with economics, the term capital refers to things such as machinery and equipment that are used in the production of the actual product

Developmentally appropriate and child-centered curricula Free Essays

Ensuring that curriculum in early childhood education is both developmentally appropriate and child-centered involves educators making decisions about the most relevant content to include in the curriculum based on the needs, interests and capabilities of the learners. Developmental psychologists such as Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget, have done extensive work in describing the cognitive changes that children go through throughout their lifetime. Knowledge of these changes is important in guiding decisions about curricula content, material and activities. We will write a custom essay sample on Developmentally appropriate and child-centered curricula or any similar topic only for you Order Now Piaget proposed that each child moves progressively through each of four stages of cognitive development as they mature physically. These are the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational periods. At the early childhood level a child is in the sensorimotor and preoperational stages which lasts between ages zero (0) to two (2) years old and two (2) to seven (7) years respectively. Children first â€Å"learn about their surroundings by using their senses and motor skills†.  (Slavin, 2000, p. 33). Edwards (2005) believes that these stage-based characteristics that Piaget has identified are important starting points for curriculum design as educators need to have a clear understanding of the characteristics of learners before any decision can be made about what curricula content to deliver to them. In designing an early childhood curriculum Jalongo, Fennimore, Pattnaik, Laverick, Brewster, and Mutuku (2004) contend that the child must figure at the center of this process. As a results the developmental needs of the child must be first and foremost in the mind of the educator as decisions are made about curricula content and structure. First and foremost an early childhood curricula must be specific to the early childhood level. Jalongo et al (2004) caution that early childhood programs must be designed specifically for early childhood education â€Å"rather than replicate the curriculum and pedagogy that characterizes later academic experiences† (p. 145). Consequently tasks should be so designed so that they are manageable based on the cognitive and physical capabilities of the children. Additionally the designers of curricula material need to ensure that such programs and the material that go along with them are innovative. Educators in the field should work collaboratively in deciding on the most appropriate material to include in the curriculum. Moreover when it comes to actual classroom implementation the curriculum should be used as a guide and not as an absolute (Jalongo et al, 2004). This means that teachers should be flexible in implementing aspects of the curriculum based on the unique needs of their particular set of learners. Furthermore curricula should be continuously improved to reflect new knowledge about how children at the early childhood level learn. For each group of students the curriculum should be adopted to better serve their needs and challenges. Consideration must be given to the particular ethnic, cultural, and language characteristics of the children concerned and seek to meet them where they are. This means that, rather than trying to force children into a pre-made mold, educators must ensure that the children are the basis used in constructing the mold. Evidently the task of designing developmentally appropriate curriculum, though it is left mainly up to the educator who interacts most intimately with the students, must take into account the specific needs, interests and capabilities of learners. Educators cannot leave the child out of planning the early childhood curriculum. Failure to include the group at which early childhood programs are geared will only result in failure both on the part of the educator and the learner. References Edwards, S. (2005, Mar). Children’s learning and developmental potential: Examining the theoretical informants of early childhood curricula from the educator’s perspective. Early Years, 25(1), 67–80. Jalongo, M. R., Fennimore, B. S., Pattnaik, J., Laverick, D. M., Brewster, J. Mutuku, M. (2004, Dec). Blended perspectives: A global vision for high-quality early childhood education. Early Childhood Education Journal, 32(3), 143-155. Slavin, R. E. (2000). Educational Psychology: Theory and Practice. (6th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. How to cite Developmentally appropriate and child-centered curricula, Papers

Positron Emission Tomography

Question: Discuss about the Positron Emission Tomography. Answer: Introduction: Positron emission tomography (PET/CT) is a nuclear medicine scan used in medical diagnosis. Nuclear medicine imaging utilizes small quantities of radioactivematerial in the diagnoses and determination of disease severity or treatment of various types of diseases including neurological, endocrine, gastrointestinal, heart, cancer disorders, among other body abnormalities. Because molecular activity can be pinpointed through nuclear medicine, the procedures involved allow for the potential of early disease detection and subsequent immediate response to the necessary interventions (Guiberteau, 2016). In most medical center, superimposition of images is done with CT or MRI to create special images. These images give information from two separate exams which are correlated and then interpreted into a single image that has information that is more precise and also diagnosis that is accurate. Additionally, PET/CT scans are able to do imaging exams simultaneously. The PET/CT scan does body functions measurements such as oxygen utilization, blood flow, glucose metabolism, which help doctors in the accurate evaluation of the functioning of tissues and organs (Wehrl, Judenhoffer, Wiehr, et al., 2009). CT imaging utilizes specialized x-ray equipment with contrast materials where necessary to give several images of the internal workings in the body.(See Appendix 1 for basic architecture and flow chart of PET/CT scanner). Radiologists interpret these images using a monitor. CT scans offer anatomic information in a precise manner. The PET scanner has low specificity but high sensitivity whi le the CT scanner has high specificity and low sensitivity hence a combination of the two offers the best image resolutions for specific diagnoses. The use of PET/CT scans in diagnosis of cancer is known to result in therapeutic decision changes in 30% to 40% of cancer cases (Hillner, 2009).The characterization and diagnosis by MRI and CT imaging is premised on different criteria such as tissue attenuation, texture, and size. MRI and CT offer information on tissue density, organ size, and also precise topographic and spatial localization. On the other hand, the basis of PET imaging is the radioactive agent bio-distribution over space and time which enables the visualization of pathophysiological and physiological processes of disease functionality characterization. Risks of a PET scan When the PET is used in combination with a CT scan, additional tracers are needed and this can prove to be harmful to persons with a history of kidney diseases or persons with high levels of creatinine from medications they may be currently taking. When the eGFR45 it is an indication that there is no increased risk of damage to the kidney form the contrast material while an eGFR30, but does not surpass 45 indicates a slight risk of kidney damage. In such a situation, injecting additional fluid into the veins prior to and after injecting the contrast material will effectively prevent renal damage to the patient(Zagoria, 2015) Other minor risks include discomfort for persons who are afraid of needles or enclosed places (claustrophobic). There is also the possibility of developing an allergy due to the tracers. A person should alert the physician of any such allergies prior to having the test done. The Physician will require the patient to answer a number of questions to determine their eligibility (see Appendix 2 for the questionnaire) Benefits of PET/CT PET/CT scans offer tremendous advantages which can be summarized as: precise monitoring and treatment; accurate localization and staging; and early disease diagnosis. With the high quality images, patients have a better chance of getting precise diagnosis and avoid any additional and unnecessary procedures. A PET/CT scan allows for early cancer detection and reveals tumours which could be obscured by scarred tissue resulting from radiotherapy or surgery especially in the neck and head area (Fleming Johansen, 2008). Previously, difficulty was experienced in the interpretation of CT scan results done at different locations and at different times than a PET scan mainly because the body position of the patient changed with each scan. A PET/CT scan provides a complete image of the body occurrences both metabolically and anatomically simultaneously (RSNA, 2014) The ability of the scan to study the body functions allows for detection of any anatomical changes making it an effective diagnosis tool. The scan is able to distinguish between malignant and benign tumours which reduce the possibility of unnecessary surgeries. It is also effective in diagnosing the early stages of Alzheimer's disease, dementias, epilepsy, and other neurological disorders. PET/CT scans are infection free and pose no danger of secondary infection for patients (Glaudemans Signore, 2010). The Future of PET/CT Scans Molecular imaging using PET/CT scans is pivotal in cancer management as it assists in choosing the radiotherapy and cytostatic procedure that is most appropriate. It also contributes to the recurrence early detection. PET/CT shows promising signs of improving personalized medicine through better characterization of tumour extent, biological features, and response (Oyen, 2007). The use of intra-operative probes aid in minimal invasive surgery in tumour and sentinel nodes removal which could present morphological alteration that is unremarkable. Additionally, PET/CT offers treatment that is efficient through target radiotherapy of neuroendocrine tumours, thyroid disease, pain palliations for diffuse bone metastases patients, as well as non- There are new approaches being investigated which utilize alpha particles (Lucignani, 2008). In addition, PET/CT scans use in defining volumes of biological tumours and radiotherapy dose painting is promising plans for more efficient but less toxic tumour control (Weber et al., 2008; Anderson Ferdani, 2009) Positron emission tomography (PET) is now a vital imaging tool for cancer diagnosis and staging, as well as presenting prognostic evidences based on response. PET is important for the evaluation of unspecified solitary pulmonary nodules or masses, where PET has confirmed to be significantly more precise than computed tomography (CT) in the distinction between malignant and benign lesions. In the examinations for metastatic spread, PET is a vital in conventional imaging. However, currently, PET does not exchange conventional imaging. Benefits of PET/CT scan for cancer diagnosis Due to nuclear medicine image inherent characteristics as well as their low power resolution, it becomes challenging to define the exact disease' anatomical location which further complicates the interpretation of results. To avoid this challenge, a combination of the functional and molecular imaging offered by PET and the CT provided anatomical imaging is merged using combined scanners (Townsend, 2008) while development is underway for PET/MRI prototype (Wehrl et el., 2009).These hybrids allow for a diagnostic procedure to be carried out singularly through structure and function evaluation. The introduction of combined imaging allows for the possibility of diagnostic process re-examination, order of studies performance, and also therapeutic pathway construction. A radionuclide in a PET scanner tracks at a molecular level, a precise biological process. The radioactive tracer is able to distinguish between molecular/cellular activities that are normal from the abnormal. The positron emitters commonly used in this process include nitrogen-13, oxygen-15, carbon-11, and fluorine-18. These emitters while in their non-radioactive form are all active molecule biological constituents. Fluorine-18 is most suited for hydrogen. The emitters are thus suitable for labelling any molecule without making any changes to the respective metabolic pathway (Bockisch, Freudenberg, Schmidt, et al., 2009). Tumour Growth Process The simple way of describing the process of a tumour growth is that they divide and multiply before infiltrating neighbouring tissues and structures and finally spreading to distant locations through a process referred to as metastasis. Tumours require energy for growth and metastasis and hence utilize glucose. Glucose provides the tumour cells with the necessary energy for activity. While the normal body cells also utilize glucose to carry out their respective functions, tumour cells utilize glucose at higher rates than the normal cells (Salskov et al., 2007). Labelling is done using fluorine-18 which like FDG is a glucose analogue. Fluorine-18 is used as a tracer as it decays quickly which minimizes exposure of the patient to radiation. Fluorine-18 is also preferred as a tracer because it naturally indicates the metabolic state of cells and more so in cancer cells and hence it is detected easily. For the detection of cancerous cells using PET/CT scan, Fluorine-18 is often used in t he form of the biologically active F18-FDG model which is a radioactive labelled glucose analogue which allows for metabolism of glucose in both abnormal and normal cells (Salskov et al., 2007) In this case study, the patient was a 39 year old female who had a documented history of colorectal cancer. She was first evaluated in April 2015. After the initial evaluation, the patient went through preoperative radiation therapy. This was followed by rectal cancer surgical resection which was done in late May 2015. Systematic chemotherapy course was adhered to after the surgical procedure. In September 2015, a follow up PET scan showed a previously identified uptake of FDG in the pelvic area which was consistent with the malignancy that had been treated. The respective lung lesion pathology results indicated adenocarcinoma that was metastatic and which was consistent with primary colorectal cancer. As mentioned earlier, a follow PET/CT scan that was done some months after the resection indicated that there was no recurrence f cancer or existence of any residual malignancy as shown in the images below. A follow up was scheduled for July of 2017 and is likely to show no evidence of malignancy. PET/CT after resection showing no evidence of malignancy The role of FDG-PET was critical in the patient's initial staging of colorectal cancer and also in the monitoring that followed. In addition, PET/CT also aided in the characterization of the SPN lesion as being suspicious for cancer. Physicians and professionals in the medical field have recognized and appreciated the role that PET/CT scans play in managing solitary metastatic lesions and more so in the determination of whether a patient is a candidate for a metastasectomy or lymph node, liver, or lung lesion ablation using radiotherapy. In the case where the metastasis is solitary, the outcomes have shown to be promising as seen in the case study discussed above. In this case, the nodule was characterized using PET/CT scan as being suspicious for cancer while it was still at a relatively small size and at an initial stage of metastasis. By using PET/CT scan, the SPN lesion was confirmed as being solitary and eligible for a procedural metastasectomy. However, it should be noted that nodules that are less than a centimetre in size cannot be characterized reliably by a PET/CT scan. References Anderson, C.J., Ferdani, R., (2009). Copper-64 radiopharmaceuticals for PET imaging of cancer: advances in preclinical and clinical research, Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 24: 379-93. Bockisch, A., Freudenberg, L.S., Schmidt, D., Kuwert, T., (2009). Hybrid imaging by SPECT/CT and PET/CT: proven outcomes in cancer imaging. Semin Nucl Med. 39: 276-89. Fleming AJ, Jr, Johansen ME. (2009). The clinicians expectations from the use of positron emission tomography/computed tomography scanning in untreated and treated head and neck cancer patients.Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.16:12734. Glaudemans AWJM, Signore A.(2010). FDG-PET/CT in infections: the imaging method of choice?European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.37(10):19861991 Guiberteau, M (2016) Positron Emission Tomography - Computed Tomography (PET/CT) https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=pet Lucignani, G.,(2008). Alpha-particle radioimmunotherapy with astatine-211 and bismuth-213,Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 35; 9:1729-33. Macklis, R.M., (2007). Radioimmunotherapy as a therapeutic option for Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Semin Radiat Oncol. 17:176-83. MacManus MP, Seymour JF, Hicks RJ. (2007). Overview of early response assessment in lymphoma with FDG-PET.Cancer Imaging.7:108 Oyen, W.J., et al. (2007). Targeted therapy in nuclear medicine--current status and future prospects. Ann Oncol. 18:1782-92. RSNA (2014). FDG-PET/CT UPICT V 1.0 Imaging Protocol. https://www.rsna.org/uploadedFiles/RSNA/Content/Science_and_Education/QIBA/UPICT_FDG-PET_Protocol_ver08July2014.pdf Salskov, A., Tammisetti, V.S., Grierson, J., Vesselle, H., (2007). FLT: measuring tumor cell proliferation in vivo with positron emission tomography and 3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]fluorothymidine, Semin Nucl Med. 37;6:429-39. Townsend, D.W., (2008). Dual-modality imaging: combining anatomy and function, J Nucl Med.49:938-55. Weber, D.C., et al., R.,(2009). Recurrence pattern after [(18)F]Fluoroethyltyrosine-Positron Emission Tomography-guided radiotherapy for high-grade glioma: A prospective study, Radiother Oncol. 93;3:586-592. Wehrl, H.F., Judenhofer, M.S., Wiehr, S., Pichler, B.J., (2009). Pre-clinical PET/MR: technological advances and new perspectives in biomedical research, Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 36:56-68. Zagoria, R. (2015). CT and MRI Contrast and Kidney Function. (Retrieved 19th April, 2017). https://radiology.ucsf.edu/blog/abdominal-imaging/ct-and-mri-contrast-and-kidney-function.

Predictive Policing Law Enforcement and Technology free essay sample

Law Enforcement and Technology Since 2009, the idea of predictive policing, or the use of advanced statistical analysis and data to make policing decisions, has become widely used in the united States. Predictive policing is the perfect tool to help Law enforcement agencies become more efficient as budgets continue to be reduced. With predictive policing, we have the tools to put cops at the right place at the right time or bring other services to impact crime, and we can do so with less, (Canon 2009).On the other hand, predictive logging will hold officers accountable for tackling and decreasing crime and those who fail to do so could have adverse effect on hisher career (Willis, Mastiffs Whispered, 2003). COMPACTS, also short for computer statistics, is a system which implements the four basic information system (IS) functions which are input, processing, output, and feedback. Although the application of information technology has been able to help reduce crime, it is quite defere nt than random patrol tactics used by police departments. We will write a custom essay sample on Predictive Policing: Law Enforcement and Technology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To successfully compare and contrast the use of information technology (IT) to optimize police departments performance to reduce crime versus unplanned street patrols, we have to look at exactly what IT is offered to police now. The definition to predictive policing is given as any policing strategy or tactic that develops and uses information and advanced analysis to inform forward- thinking crime prevention.COMPACTS, as an information system (IS), implements the four basic IS functions as follows: The Input function data Is gathered and entered Into the database. This Is the building block of COMPACTS It contains information compiled from various sources like police incident reports, arrest reports, suspect briefing report, phone calls, and field interview reports. The keying the input data into the Incident Reporting System where it is maintain as a database for future reference.Crime analysts are responsible for inputting the data and are responsible for their accuracy. Data erro rs could be discovered as a result of the close collaboration among members of the CA, who were familiar with the geography and nature of crime In their scales; and District commanders would report discrepancies twine what they had read in their officers reports and the materials the CA had prepared for Compacts. (Willis et al. , 2004).The processing function is the same as effective tactics because after command and staff officers are in possession of timely and accurate intelligence, they are accountable for the creation, development, and implementation of crime reduction strategies and action plans for the purpose of maligning the Identified crime or risk management problems. Data Is transformed, converted and analyzed for analysis (Godson, 2012). Additionally by using Geographic Information Systems units depended upon police incident and arrest reports for their crime data, but they also used Computer-Aided Dispatch data to help identify geographic hot spots.The output function is the same as rapid deployment because Once an Issue has been identified and appropriate resources have been formulated Into a tactical plan, command personnel must rapidly deploy function is the same as relentless follow up and assessment because As Jack Maple stated about the Compacts process, Mimi can only ex pect what you inspect. A feedback mechanism is put into place to assist with monitoring and controlling operations. (Godson, 2012). Knowledge from previous errors should never be circumvented.Constantly working at innovation and integration with new technology to keep the system up to date can provide better outcomes. Constant assessment of performance and shortage of accomplishing goals should be reviewed so that corrective action can be taken meet desired results. Predictive Policing SOOT Analysis Predictive Policing strength allows resources to be used more efficiently because they an be deployed to specific locations in which crimes are likely to occur and for specific types of crimes.In this regard, it is also easier to prevent crime from occurring as opposed to merely responding to it (Goode, 2011). Improving the algorithms and more data collected the predictions will be more accurate. Predictive policing weaknesses are often treated as being solely related to the use of computers and data to the detriment of involving front-line police officers in the decision-making process. This can result in police officers feeling both disrespected and unimportant n performing police work (Willis, Mastiffs Whispered, 2003).The weakness in predictive policing could be rogue officers. Reports misfiled, misclassifying crimes, officers are not completing reports, and reporting a series of offenses as a single event. Predictive policing opportunities provide for the opportunity for police departments to reduce criminal activity at a lower cost to taxpayers. Police departments can prevent crime from occurring rather than using limited resources to respond to crimes once they have occurred and hoping responses will deter other criminals (Perusal, 2010).Predictive policing threats are primary related to some police officers, mainly the, I hate computers, older police officers, are unconvinced of the use of statistics and data in place of human element is not trustworthy. This could result in predictive policing not being as successful as it can possibly be. In conclusion, predictive policing can result in a reduction in crime by predicting where it will happen rather than reacting to it once it has occurred. The predictive policing assurances calculable results, including crime reduction and more effective law enforcement agencies.

Essay on Management Information Systems

Essay on Management Information Systems Essay on Management Information Systems Essay on Management Information SystemsSchool Service Supply Inc. (SSS) is the statewide provider of school supplies. The company provides a wide range of materials and supplies to K-12 schools. SSS has a diverse network of suppliers and offers more than 88,000 SKUs to the schools. The company is the result of the unification of many regional suppliers. It should be noted that SSS does not supply textbooks and computers to the schools. SSS also has a wide sales and distribution network: there are 250 outside agents who cover all states and major areas; there are also 8 large distribution centers. The primary marketing tool of SSS is its large printed catalog.There are different types of competitors for SSS. Although there are no direct competitors, large retailers such as Office Depot (and other furniture retailers), national manufacturer of low-end school furniture Virco and local suppliers target the same clients are SSS. Currently the market share belonging to SSS is only 15%. One of the deficiencies of SSS is its outdated information system: the company uses different software and information systems for different processes (i.e. there are separate systems for ordering, forecasting demand, managing inventory, etc.). As a result, 30% of orders have errors arrive incomplete, are inaccurate or late.Strengths and weaknesses of SSSSSS has several key strengths. First of all, the company is represented in all states and has many effective sales representatives. Secondly, SSS has an efficient supply chain which includes more than 8,000 suppliers. The number of SKUs offered by SSS is also impressive and exceeds 88,000 units. Furthermore, SSS occupies a unique market niche which is not addressed directly by the competitors. SSS emerged due to various mergers and acquisitions of regional suppliers; therefore, the company is composed of experienced businessmen with a good market understanding of at least their region or state. The company can further increase sales a nd leverage its strengths by contacting more schools, offering a convenient way of reviewing the items offered, providing discounts and bulk orders to their clients.SSS also has a number of weaknesses. Its first weakness is the inefficiency of internal processes. In particular, 30% of incorrect or late orders is an indicator of poorly organized processes; such errors are likely to discourage customers. Secondly, SSS has inefficient marketing approach: it is expensive and inconvenient to market the items using catalogs nowadays. It seems that SSS is not represented in the web and hence more advanced school purchase agents simply have no information about SSS. The inefficiency of information systems in SSS is also a significant weakness: the companys systems are outdated and are not communicating with each other.Threats and opportunities of SSSThere are plenty of market opportunities for SSS. The company focuses on a particular market segment schools, and currently reached only 15% o f this market. SSS can establish contacts with the new customers and expand its business. Furthermore, SSS can include computers and textbooks as part of its offers. It might be efficient to offer turnkey solutions for classes and schools. It might be also efficient for SSS to get in touch with the providers of school software and to include software as part of their offers. SSS can collaborate with home schoolers and specialized schools. In addition to this, SSS can expand its market segment to include colleges and universities. One more opportunity is the use of online sales and creating a special website with interactive catalog of items offered by SSS.The threat originating from internal sources is the decline of SSSs reputation due to failed orders and the consequent decline of their market position. The biggest external threat emerges from competition, especially from large competitors such as Office Depot. Such competitors have more efficient operations and more sophisticated customer management systems, so they can easily enter the market segment where SSS is operating. Other threats include difficulty of competing with local mom and pop school suppliers because of the personal links existing between the schools and these suppliers and seasonality of sales.Benefits of information systemsThe use of a modern integrated management information system will significantly assist SSS in improving its market position. The use of integrated information systems in an organization has a number of advantages. Immediate benefits emerge from operational benefits SSS will be able to enhance performance, to increase turnover and improve efficiency of managing inventory, will be able to manage customer relationships in a better way, etc (Stair Reynolds, 2013). One more direct advantage of using one powerful information system will be the integration and alignment of all processes (Stair Reynolds, 2013). Using such system, SSS will be able to synchronize the actions o f its suppliers and sales representatives.It is recommended to align the information system with organizational website and ecommerce opportunities. Customers will be able to place orders online or by phone, to review items offered by SSS, to post own reviews and share experiences. Sales representatives will be able to check the availability of items, offer bulk prices and form orders on the go. Furthermore, suppliers will be able to receive and ship orders instantly. In addition to this, the use of information system will help SSS to manage its logistics and transportation more efficiently: the company will be able to merge orders and deliveries when the inventory management systems of its distribution centers are integrated.Creating a competitive advantage using information systemsIn addition to operational benefits offered by the use of information systems, there also emerge tactical and strategic benefits (Sousa Oz, 2014). Tactical benefits include increased visibility of busin ess operations, improved forecasting, the opportunity to make preliminary orders and to negotiate different options of the order with the clients (Sousa Oz, 2014). The availability of operational and tactical information creates a background for developing business intelligence. SSS will be able to set more precise strategic goals and assess its current and future market position with the help of information systems. Employees and senior management will be able to trace real-time information and therefore improve decision-making, formation of prices and interactions with the customers.Using information systems, SSS can develop the following competitive advantages: optimize its costs and overheads, optimize the supply chain, make prices more competitive, enhance planning and forecasting, etc. Furthermore, the presence of information system will help SSS add new items to its catalog such as school textbooks, computers and even school software. Therefore, the implementation of a unifi ed management information system will help SSS improve its operations, strengthen its market position and create competitive advantages.

Events [in his life and around him] that shaped Glenn Gould's adult Research Paper

Events [in his life and around him] that shaped Glenn Gould's adult life - Research Paper Example In 1939, when he was 7 years old, he started to go in the Toronto Symphony concerts. Between 1940 and 1944, Gould went through all exams from Grade 3 to Grade 10 in the Toronto Conservatory of Music in which he studied piano. After Grade 10, Gould started to study theory until 1947. He won many medals from that conservatory for the next 10 years, and also performed in many functions meanwhile. Between 1948 and 1950, Gould discovered the Schoenberg music through Guerrero. From this time onwards, he became a champion of the Schoenberg music for the rest of his life. In July 1951, Gould made an honoring speech for late Schoenberg. From 1952 onwards, he spent most of his time with his family. He gave himself time to prepare himself as an adult musician. In 1957, Gould released his last â€Å"Radio Canada International transcription disc (Programme 140): Brahms's Piano Quintet, with the Montreal String Quartet† (Bazzana). Soon after that, Gould stopped playing piano aggressively. à ¢â‚¬Å"He was the James Dean of classical music† (Page cited in Clarkson). Works Cited: Bazzana, Kevin. â€Å"Timeline.† 2011. Web. 1 Apr. 2011. . Clarkson, Michael. â€Å"The secret life of Glenn Gould.† 25 Aug. 2007. Web. 1 Apr. 2011. .

The growth of internet gambling and the implications for regulation Essay

The growth of internet gambling and the implications for regulation and harm minimisation in Australia - Essay Example Based on the discussion and analysis, it has been analyzed that Australia has become one the major countries in online gambling industry. The economic benefits which gambling industry has been providing to Australia stopped the government to pursue the effective harm minimisation programs. Today, online gambling has increased the concerns for Australian regulators because of the increasing problem gambling, crime rate etc. Even the harm minimisation programs have been unsuccessful to curb the growth of increasing internet gambling. It can be projected based on the current growth of internet gambling that soon gambling will become the largest industry of Australia and concerns will further increase. If Australian government pursues stricter legislative framework and other strategies to stop the growth of internet gambling, it forgoes the huge economic benefits. If Australian government keeps pursuing the current strategies then current growth will keep its pace. On the other hand, if Australian government introduces more flexible policies, then economic issues can increase however, the government can enjoy huge influx of revenues. Therefore, in which direction Australian government should go, completely depends on the long-term economic strategies of the government. However, one important thing which this research essay has highlighted is that growing online gambling does have significant implications for Australian government and harm minimisation. In the beginning, all original forms of gambling were prohibited however, gradually all of them were legalised. The online gambling started in Australia in 1996 in the Northern Territory and in 2001, when the federal government legalised internet gambling, Interactive Gambling Act 2001 was introduced. (Hsu, 2006). Since then gambling industry of Australia is expanding and growing very rapidly and it has even created a lot of challenges for the Australian economy. What Australian Government has been Doing to Control O nline Gambling in Past? Internet gambling has established new challenges for the regulators because unlike traditional casinos, the online gambling websites cannot be closed (Schwarz, 1999). Therefore, because of the nature of online gambling, it could be only controlled through government regulations. Even after legalising gambling, Australian Government has always remained concerned to monitor and control online and traditional gambling. The Australian Government has taken the regulatory responsibility of online gaming and according to Interactive Gambling Act 2001, government has made domicile online gaming site illegal for the Australian residents and these websites only target the oversees community. However, despite the control through regulations and legislations, Australian Government is facing problems in control the internet gambling market in Australia (Fabiansson, 2010). Australian Gambling Regulation controls gambling in Australia. With the growing online gambling, Aust ralian Government introduced Australian Interactive Gambling Act (IGA) 2001 which bans online gambling in Australia. According to this Act, offering interactive gambling service to an individual physically present in Australia is an offense. If a person commits this offence, he is subject to a penalty of $220,000 per day if he offers services to individuals and penalty of $1.1 million per day if he serves corporate bodies. Moreover, online wagering and lotteries are not prohibited (Humphrey, 2008). The online gambling costs are increasing and to minimise harm from gambling activities, harm minimisation strategies are in place. To achieve harm minimisation, Australian Government has adopted three strategies; first, through direct regulation of internet gambling sites; second, covering online gambling within the broader gambling regulation framework; third, achieving harm minimisation through non-regulatory approaches (FAHCSIA, 2009). Growth in Online Gambling in Australia The Austral ian economy realised the growing trends in traditional and internet gambling with the increase in household spending on gambling. With the expansion of gambling in Australia, the proportion of money spent on gambling per household also increased from 1.7 percent in 1982-1983 to 3.2 percent in 1997-1998 (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2000). In 2002-2003, around Australian $18.54 million were spent on internet gambling in Austr

Corporate strategy case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate strategy case - Essay Example This essay stresses that the company has not only achieved the goals in terms of revenues but also in terms of rapid expansion and differentiation. The company has always met the requirements of the customer and focuses on "WE" attitude rather than "I" attitude. The company considers the customers to be their most valuable asset and to satisfy their requirements of healthy and hygienic lifestyle is company's priority. The company has always exceeded the customer's expectation in shopping experience; this is to make the customer loyal. The company does not focus much on advertisement budget as according to them their customers are enough for publicity and advertisement. The company has also acquired smaller competitor like Wild Oats, which shows the company’s success and its determination to acquire smaller rivals to provide the company with opportunities to prosper in the market and to provide the market with different locations. In order overcome increasing challenges and com petition in the industry, the management of Whole Foods should work on further enhancing and modifying the overall corporate strategy. This paper makes a conclusion that Whole Foods is operating successfully in local and international markets. The company should work on further improving its corporate and management level strategies in order to maintain the competitive advantage over other competitors and improve the overall performance. This is important to capture more market share and increase the profitability of the organization.

Distribution of Foreign Direct Investment in Kazakhstan

Distribution of Foreign Direct Investment in Kazakhstan In his book author (RRRRR), wrote that domestic investors of any particular country who engage in investments activity outside their country of residence and this investments earn them returns which are then repatriated to their domestic country are engaging in foreign direct investment. From the point of view of a country, foreign direct investments are the investment made by non-citizens of that country or investment made by citizens in other foreign countries. Foreign direct investment is attainable where there is a good business relationship between the investing company or parent company and its subsidiary company located abroad. This kind of business relations has led to the emergence of multinationals company that engage in foreign direct investment in many parts of the world. According to (DDDD), a business analyst whose studies refer to only those companies which have a minimum of 10 percent shareholding in foreign subsidiaries as companies that participate in foreign direct investment, also companies which have voting rights in the annual general meeting of foreign subsidiaries engage in foreign direct investments. Types of Foreign direct Investments As by the definition, foreign direct investment can be classified in two categories namely the internal FDI and external FDI, the classification of the two categories is mainly guided by the restrictions that are imposed for these investments and the requirements involved for such investments to take place. External FDI also known as direct investment abroad usually supported by the local government due to the benefits it will bring to the country one among them is foreign exchange that will help the country to have a balance of payments in its international trade. The government offers there support by giving such investments tax incentives that will reduce the cost of doing business and as well as make the investment worthwhile without eroding their income. External investments become unfavorable when companies abroad get special treatment by their local governments which in a way give them competitive advantage over the external FDI by granting them subsidies and covering of their risks. Internal FDI is encouraged by the host country in different manners which include; subsides, elimination of trade or investment barriers that makes doing business for foreign investors hard, lowering of interest on loans granted to them and tax allowances. Other classifications of foreign direct investment are vertical FDI and horizontal FDI. Vertical FDI occurs when a multinational company that owns more than 10 percent of foreign subsidiary, engage with its subsidiary in business activities whereby the foreign subsidiary is the main supplier of raw materials to the multinational company or it uses the goods and serviced produced by the multinational company. Horizontal FDI is when a local multinational company engages in the same business activity in different parts of the world. Motives behind Foreign Direct Investment FDI which are driven by the motive of establishing a strong market presence or venturing into new markets are termed as market-seeking FDI, while FDI which are driven by the motive of tapping into factors of production like labor, human resource which are in foreign countries and are more efficient in operations and cost are termed as resource -seeking FDI. FDI motivated by maximizing the opportunities available and reaping on the benefits of economics of scale are termed as efficiency seeking FDI. Determinants of foreign direct investment The main factors which will determine if a foreign direct investment can take place are the economic prospects of the foreign country and the size of the potential market. If the foreign country has wide market then foreign investors will assume that they will be able to grow their investments rapidly and get big returns of it. The foreign countrys population will also play critical part in making decision on whether to participate in foreign direct investment, because its the size of the population that determines the consumer size available thus a big population will mean a big consumer base. If the foreign country citizens have a reasonably higher per capita income it would mean that they would be ready to spend and to the foreign investor he or she would translate this to potential of good investments. Foreign investors will also be lured into investing in foreign country if the workforce thats available is well qualified and competent enough, who will offer to them big returns on their human capital. The availability of natural resources like gold, oil and diamond will attract foreign investors to these countries, an example is Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and other oil rich countries have all attracted foreign investors into their country to tap into the oil exploration industry thats unlimited and has good future prospects. The level of technological advancement and infrastructure that are available in a country will also influence on foreign direct investments. Recent reports and studies have shown that countries which have properly placed infrastructure facilities have experienced a high amount of foreign direct investment. (PPPPPPPP) studies noted that over the past countries have made tremendous reforms to their economic policies in bid to create conducive environment which can attract more foreign investments and companies that engage in foreign investments have altered their legal framework to make them more transparent and sensitive to their business environment. Advantages of Foreign Direct Investment in Kazakhstan According to statistics released by the Ministry of Economy and Budget planning of Kazakhstan they have shown that the country main benefit from foreign direct investment has being the economic development witnessed in that country, especially since the country was referred to as among those economically developing countries in the 1990s. Foreign direct investment has also being the source of financial assistance for Kazakhstan during times of economic hardships. Kazakhstan has also witnessed technological advancement since foreign investors who allocate a big percentage of their capital towards technology and research in the field that they plan to invest in. The workforce in that country has become more skilled and resourceful because the foreign companies bring in new skills and train their human resource according to their high standards, in addition they have contributed to the education development in that country because of the revenues they pay to the Kazakhstan government in the form of corporate taxes which are channeled to building of schools and technology-focused training institutions. New jobs have being created in the country which can be mainly attributed to FDI that has also led to the rapid development of the manufacturing industry in that country, e employees working in these companies are also paid according to international standards which affords them good lifestyle and increase in the living standards of the countries population. Kazakhstan revenue collection has shot up because now it not only relies on domestic taxes but also taxes that come from these foreign investment made in that country, the increase in revenue collection has played a big role in the growth of the economy. Companies in Kazakhstan that have ventured to foreign markets have being able to increase market for their goods and services thus have being able to earn the country foreign exchange that helps it to attain a balance of payment in the international trade. The Kazakhstan central bank reportedly has lowered it interest rates on loans made out to business ventures which is attributed to the influence of foreign direct investment. Business can now access capital from the local banks at a low interest rate level; the small and medium sized companies have tapped this advantage and have grown their business to a high level. Disadvantages of Foreign Direct Investment in Kazakhstan Operations of the companies, Human resource working for these FDI companies and the distributions of revenues made out of foreign direct investment are the main areas that are prone to suffer from the disadvantages of FDI. The fragile parts of the economy of the host country are also prone to any negative shift in foreign direct investment. Studies done by (GGGGGG) have indicted that negative consequences of foreign direct investment in a host country can be reduced if the government is strict in ensuring that these companies that participate in FDI in their country are engaged in business activities that environment friendly, they abide by the social and legal regulations that the government has established. In Kazakhstan foreign investment has forced the government to make some economic reforms that which have not being received well by the locals, some of the economic policies do not even favor the foreign investors themselves. The geographical location of Kazakhstan and also the fact that it is land locked has made foreign investors view it as an isolated region unfavorable for doing business because of the high transport fee to fly in and out of the country especially when moving goods or capital goods that need to be shipped or transported through the railway. In allowing foreign direct investment Kazakhstan will be placing their local companies at the disadvantage of being taken over by the large multinational companies who are exposed to huge amount of capital to invest. For Kazakhstan local companies which engage in direct investment abroad will be exposing themselves to the danger of nationalized in the foreign country. The government of Kazakhstan aims at making the economy more liberal to attract even more foreign investment into the country, in doing so they loss control of these companies that operate there as subsidiaries fully owned by multinational companies. When the government does not exercise control over these companies the environment and locals interest cant be represented and employees are exposed to potential exploitation by such companies. Some of the companies will even disregard economic policies set by the government. Foreign direct investment wont be of benefit to the Kazakhstan economy if the subsidiaries of multinational companies directly channel their profits to their mother country without making any developments in the country the invest in, there would also be imbalance of payment as more capital will be moving out of the country than capital coming into the country. Foreign Investment in KZ economy The foreign investment turnover in Kazakhstan has shown a continuous growth over the past ten years with an annual growth average of 19.1% with a significant growth being recorded in the years between 1995-2006, the rapid growth that was estimated to have reached more than fifty billion US dollars by August the year 2007 was largely associated with the sharp rise in prices of both oil and gas coupled with the significant increase in oil export volumes. Kazakhstan main partner in trade is still viewed to be Russia who are the country largest importers, the country basically enjoy a large export market in the western countries where there are leading in export of oil and metals that are used by industries there as raw materials. Foreign investment in Kazakhstan economy has increased because investors are attracted to the country by the fact that economy of the country has be experiencing tremendous growth, evidence is shown by figures which show that about eighty percent of all capital inflows that went to the central Asia region were direct towards the countrys economy with the European Union topping the list in terms of source of investments. Author (PPPP), in his studies show that this sharp raises in foreign investment is due to the economic reforms made, stable institutions that have being set up and the development experienced in the banking sector. Foreign investment led to about eighteen Kazakhstan companies being listed in the London Stock Exchange with four being listed at the main market in the period between the years 2005-2007. Foreign direct Investment in Kazakhstan; Sources: Ministry of Economy and Budget Planning of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Foreign Inflow by various countries to Kazakhstan figures according to the year 2009; COUNTRY Japan France US Russia Netherlands China Italy UK Others % 3% 7% 16% 4% 28% 6% 4% 6% 22% Source: Ministry of Economy and Budget Planning of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Movement in the key economic indicators   Key economic indicators 2003   2004 2005 2006 2007 2008   Real GDP growth (%)   9.3   9.6 9.7 10.7   8.9 3.1   Consumer price inflation (av. %)   6.8 6.7 7.5 8.4 10.8 9.5   Exchange rate Tenge:US$ (av)   149.58 136.00     132.88   126.09   122.60   122.55   Exchange rate Tenge:à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ (av)   168.79   169.04   165.42   158.27   167.8   167.75   Budget balance (% of GDP) -1.7   -1.9 SOURCES: Kazakh Statistical Agency, Investors Guide, Nationalbank Kazakhstan  Ã‚  Ã‚   Main exporters and importers Main destinations of exports 2007 % of total   Main origins of imports 2008   % of total   Russia   9.8   Russia   35.5   Italy   16.3   EU   24.5   France   8.3   China   10.7   Switzerland   15.7   US   5.1   China   11.8   Ukraine   4.7   Others   38.1 SOURCES: Kazakh Statistical Agency, Investors Guide, Nationalbank Kazakhstan Main export and imports   Major exports 2007   % of total   Major imports 2007 % of total   Mineral products   69.8   Mineral products   12.8   Chemicals, plastics, rubber   4.1   Chemicals, plastics, rubber   10.7   Non precious materials, its products   17.3   Non precious materials, its products   13.5   Machinery, equipment transport, instruments and apparatus   1.8   Machinery, equipment transport, instruments and apparatus   46.8   Foodstuff   3.9   Foodstuff   6.8   Others   3.1   Others   9.4   SOURCES: Ministry of Energetic and Mineral Resources, Investors Guide, Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Investment Environment in Kazakhstan Kazakhstan located in the central Asia and Europe region is the ninth largest country in the world thats landlocked with a gross national income per capita of more than six thousand and a population of more than fifteen million whom according to reports released by United Nation are averagely in the income group of middle income earners. Kazakhstan currently leads the central Asia in terms of social and economic growth, it has the potential to make the region independent and an economic success, the European Union in the year 2000 elevated the country to the market economy status due to its attraction to international investors and multinational companies who prefer to locate their. The same move was followed by the United States of America who in the year 2002 also elevated the status of Kazakhstan to a market economy up from a non-market economy opening up for their local companies the wider western nations market that includes the US; this conclusion was arrived at after observing economic indicators that showed improvements such as the increase in level of wages for the workforce, convertibility of countrys currency, increase in foreign direct investment, drop in corruption level, control of production, public control and reduction in human rights violation. The transition to market economy is a journey that started 17 years ago from the former soviet economy to a free market economy. After independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, the high rate of inflation and economic decline that was witnessed in the early parts of 1990s Kazakhstan engaged itself into a series of political, economic and social reforms. Currently the economic reforms are geared towards diversifying the economy more particular is to remove the economic reliance on natural resources and focus on developing other key sectors of the economy. Kazakhstan investment environment has seen an overall macro- economic stability coupled with economic reforms that are aimed at making the environment more investment friendly. Figures released by the Index of Economic Freedom show that over the past five years the country has witnessed a recommendable economic growth that can be attributed to the increased revenues from the Oil industry. The Kazakhstan high corruption level, unfavorable tax rates and lack of access to funds for investment are the main difficulties experienced in the investment environment that has made doing business even harder this is according to the 2009 reports by Enterprise Surveys. It is important to note that the investment environment in Kazakhstan has shown improvements in these three problematic areas making doing business easier in that country. The most notable improvements were in reduction of costs from 1,431 dollars to 119 dollars which are incurred when applying for construction permits, the other sectors that transformed so as to improve the investment environment was shown by the 10 percent fall in corporate tax, reduction in labor taxes and even compulsory contributions by the Kazakhstans working population was lowered. A new tax code and the Kazakh law were also introduced all aimed at making the country a good investment harbor, the new law mainly focused on ensuring that there was equality in the distribution of investment incentives to both local investors and foreign investors, safeguard the rights of investors and establish procedural system that was free and fair in settling disputes of investors. Some of the measures that the new tax code p ut into considerations included; adjusting the tax code so that it can be in line with the international financial reporting standards, eliminating the advance payments by all but three hundred biggest companies of their corporate tax, extension of loss deferral period to up to ten years, lowering of value added tax from 13% to 12%, gradual introduction of traditional payment scheme for value added tax and the implementation of a common social tax rate of 11% replacing the regressive scale. The drastic changes and economic policy reforms all paid of when the country was voted as the leading country in CIS because of its efforts in creating an investment environment that was conducive for doing business. International rating agency in 2002 rated Kazakhstan highly in terms of investment and due to the fact that Kazakhstan was the first Soviet Union republic to repay all the loan advanced to it by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in the year 2000 which was seven years ahead of the repayment schedule, Standard Poors and Fitch confirmed the same in the year 2004 as other surveys and research done by international organizations all showed the same. In particular Fitch analyst pointed out that Kazakhstans finance and economy in general was better placed to deal with pressure from Oil and the ever changing oil prices than any other country in the world. The organization of top forty most industrialized countries (OECD) in the year 2003 put Kazakhstan at position four in terms of export credit rating which was an upward movement from the last rating done by OECD before 2003. The better ratings meant that the country could now enjoy good opportunities for doing trade. According to figures given out by World Bank business experts they show that out of all the foreign direct investment made in central Asia nearly eighty percent of these investments were made in Kazakhstan, the same report also showed that the country is regarded as being among top twenty countries which are most favorable to foreign investors. Recent years have seen research and survey place Kazakhstan in the top spot in foreign direct investment per capita which has being increasing steadily. In the period between 1993 and 2005 FDI was reportedly to have grown to be more than 37 billion US dollars, important point to note is that in the period of 2001 to 2003 there was only 4.5 billion US dollars worth of FDI made while in 2004 there was a drastic increase of up to 8.4 billion US dollars worth of investment made in Kazakhstan which was due to the increase in local companies that had foreign direct investment from 6,579 companies in 2003 to 7070 companies in 2004. Literature Review Regional distribution of foreign direct investment is the allocation of the investment opportunities and resources in economical manner so that every region gets a piece of the cake. When Kazakhstan is making strategic planning, they make a regional distribution plan considering the available FDI. It involves distributing FDI among the much needed projects or sectors of the economy and regions in the country. In the strategic planning decisions are made as to what areas or regions need FDI and what amount of FDI is needed, afterwards a contingency mechanism is established which sets out regions or area that should be given more priority than the others incase FDI is limited Regionally the country enjoys great leadership thanks to its close ties with the Russia, China and the central Asia region also the creation of customs union between the country Russia and Belarus this year has cemented its position as the regional leader. . Major Key sectors that Kazakhstan has mainly focused on improving through the help of foreign direct investment include; agriculture which offer investment opportunity in over twenty million hectares of farmland with more than a hundred and sixty five million hectares of pasture, the government has tried to promote these sector to investors by putting in place infrastructure facilities that offers smooth transport system. The textile industry also offers investment opportunities thats backed up by availability of qualified workforce, availability of processing factories that are already in place the government also make grants to these industry in form of tax holidays, favorable custom tariffs plus there is a wide ready market for textile products in East-Europe region and Russia, close links that exist between neighboring cotton producers like Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan make the sector highly capable of big returns. The telecommunication sector has being liberalized to attract more foreign investors enhanced by the growing number of information technology an internet penetration which has resulted to a sharp demand for broadband ISP services. The power generation sector will attract FDI due to high electricity consumption attributed to increased income/quality of life, infrastructure and hydrocarbon projects, recent reports show that a total of twenty two billion US dollars worth of investment are expected by the year 2015 plus the government has set aside thirteen billion US dollars that are to be channeled in the expansion program of power generation capacity a further nine billion US dollars will be invested in distribution and national grid. The other potential area that the Kazakhstan government focuses on distributing FDI to is the Metallurgy sector which produces huge amount of world-class base, precious minerals and metals, the sector has well developed infrastructure that are already in place and the closeness to biggest consumers of metallurgical products makes it worthwhile to channel FDI to. According to National Bank of Kazakhstan, the country is ranked at the 20th position in terms of its oil reserve, 13th position in terms of natural gas reserve and 24th in the world in natural gas production. Recommendation Kazakhstan should take the advantage of its strategic location which put it at a better place to become the centre of business in central Asia with ready markets form Russia and China. To gain competitive advantage over other country Kazakhstan should focus on creating conducive business environment together with political stability and increase the incentive granted their local companies that want to participate in direct investment abroad. All this will be attainable if there will be zero tolerance to corruption cases, improving of the education standards and the logistical infrastructure. Political institution should be strengthen by instituting professional training for government officials, engaging the local government in the developments of clusters, design a process to ensure that the political environment is transparent in its deal and consistent, institute professional civil service with transparent rules and performance based promotion. Zero tolerance to corruption will be achieved if the government institution eliminate the long tendering procedure that are involved with tenders, put in place comprehensive strategy to fight against corruption in national and local government, the other way to eliminate corruption is to ensure maximum punishment for those officials who engage in corrupt deals plus salary increment to government staff. The other recommendation that will see increase in FDI is removal of labor quota on expatriates; promote the transfer of skills as show of commitment to the growth of FDI, promoting the entrance of foreign banks in to the local banking industry, establishing transparent small and medium enterprises lending institutions, reduce the complexity in regulatory procedures that are involved in the licensing and registration process and the involvement of existing multinational companies in setting up private sector IFCs. Privatization of government owned industries and establishing a competition oversight authority that will make the country more attractive for foreign direct investments.

Francis Bacons Scientifically Revolutionary Utopia Essay -- essays res

Francis Bacon’s Scientifically Revolutionary Utopia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The New Atlantis is a seventeenth century depiction of a utopia by Francis Bacon. In this novel, Francis Bacon continues on More’s utopian ideas. Unlike More, however, Bacon relied on societal change via advancements in science and ones own awareness of his environment rather than through religious reforms or social legislation. The seventeenth century marks a period in history where drastic social change occurred. This change, however, was not as much political or technological but religious. During this time, the introduction of ideas and theories, starting with the renown Galileo and Isaac Newton, spread a wave of enlightenment across Europe as people began to question the teachings and the overall infidelity of the church.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beginning in the seventeenth century Europeans began seeing a shift from the med-evil teachings of the church to a more enlightened scientific world. Although the Catholics were still against science and political democracy, a wave of new Protestants were very progressive. With the Catholic Church becoming aware that it was loosing some of its following to science, it tried desperate measures such as the inquisition where they questioned and tried to get rid of people not committed and devout to the church. Despite these measures, however, the church was basically trying to hold back the tide as a plethora of knowledge began to flow into society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Galileo was born in 1564 in a time where society was very conforming to the teachings of the church. Despite his discoveries, Galileo was very religious though he tied religion and science into his life. Galileo’s great contribution to science was the telescope, however his greater contribution was the gift of awareness and knowledge. Before Galileo, it was generally accepted that the earth was the center of the universe. This was not based upon data or facts, but merely because the church said so. Prior to the seventeenth century, Europe was stuck in the med-evil era of church teachings. With Galileo’s telescope, however, he was able to show that the sun rather than the earth was the center of the universe. Although this new discovery had a large scientific value, it had a larger impact to society on a religious level.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  &nb... ...ls. This is exemplified in the book when the servants and priests refuse to be paid twice for their civil duties. These basic ideas are carried on into the nineteenth century and the period of the enlightenment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the nineteenth century, skepticism about Christianity is formulated and people begin to look for rationality and reasoning behind every day life. Furthermore, the concept of â€Å"tabula rasa† or â€Å"blank slate† is formed and people begin to realize that positions should be filled based on qualifications and skill rather than bloodlines.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All in all, Francis Bacon’s New Atlantis is the first of the scientific utopias and his ideas are definitely indicative of seventeenth century and the scientific revolution. Bacon’s ideas for utopia are more realistic than other communistic utopias in that he proposes to satisfy people’s wants for material possessions through scientific advances rather than through coaxing them into higher moral states. Bacon urged his readers to actively seek out this perfect world and in many ways, though not actually occurring, society gravitates towards this ideal in the eighteenth century.

Niels Bohrs Theory Work Environmental Sciences Essay

Niels Henrik David Bohr was born on the 7th of October 1885 in Copenhagen and was boy of the Professor of physiology at the Copenhagen University Christian Bohr and married woman Ellen. Neil along with his small brother Harald who would in the hereafter go a Professor in Mathematics, grew up in an environment favourable to the development to his mastermind as his male parent was an high physiologist and so was chiefly responsible for Niels involvement in natural philosophies rousing while he was still at school every bit good his female parent came from a household that was distinguished in the work of instruction. After inscribing at Gammelholm Grammar School during 1903, Niels entered The Copenhagen University where he was under the instruction of Professor C. Christiansen who was a profound original and extremely talented physicist. Niels took a Masterss degree in Physicss in 1909 and a Doctor ‘s grade in 1911. While Niels was still a pupil an proclamation from the Academy of Sciences in Copenhagen of an award that would be given for the solution to a specific scientific job caused Niels to transport out a theoretical and experimental probe on the surface tenseness by manner of hovering unstable jets. His work that he carried out in his male parent ‘s research lab for which he was awarded a award of a gold decoration was released in the Transactions of the Royal Society during 1908. However Bohr ‘s continual surveies became progressively more theoretical with his physician ‘s debate being a complete theoretical work of the history of the belongingss of the metals with the support of the negatron which to this twenty-four hours is still a authoritative subject. It was in this that Niels was first to be confronted together with the effects from Planck ‘s quantum theory of radiation. During the fall of 1911 Niels Bohr made a stay at Cambridge, where he gained by following the practical work go oning in the Cavendish Laboratory under the counsel of Sir JJ. Thomson every bit good as this he pursued his ain theoretical surveies. During the spring of 1912 Niels worked at the research lab of Professor Rutherford in Manchester, where merely in these old ages such thorough scientific life and activity prevailed as a consequence of that research worker ‘s of import enquiries into the radioactive phenomena. Having carried out a theoretical work on the incorporation of alpha beams which was released in the Philosophical Magazine in 1913, Niels moved on to the construction of atoms on the foundation of happening the atomic karyon by Rutherford. By borrowing constructs from the Quantum Theory which was established by Planck, which increasingly came to busy an of import topographic point in scientific discipline of theoretical natural philosophies, Niels achieved in wor king out and so eventually showing a diagram of atomic construction that, with future accommodations ( chiefly from the consequence of Heisenberg ‘s thoughts in 1925 ) , and still serves as a light of the physical and chemical belongingss of all elements. During the twelvemonth of 1913 into 1914 Bohr did talks on natural philosophies at Copenhagen University. During 1914-1916 he did the same at the Victoria University in Manchester. During the twelvemonth of 1916 he was made Professor of Theoretical Physics at the Copenhagen University and stayed therefore since 1920 Niels was the caput of this institute of Theoretical Physics that was established at the university for Bohr, ( until his decease during 1962 ) . Niels received acknowledgment for his work on the construction of atoms when he was awarded with the Baronial Prize in 1922. Niels Bohr ‘s probes in his Institute from 1930 became progressively directed at the assemblage of information on the construction of atomic karyon, and of their transitions and atomizations. During 1936 Niels highlighted that in the atomic procedures, the smallness of the countries where interactions take topographic point warrant the passage processes in the instance of atoms to be talked about in a more classical manner. Harmonizing to this position a really good image of a karyon would be a liquid bead. The comprehension of the method of atomic fission was permitted by the alleged liquid bead theory when the splitting of U was discovered subsequently by Hahn and Strassmann during 1939, and formed the base of valuable theoretical work in this subject among others by Frisch and Meitner. Niels Bohr besides helped with the account of the troubles found in quantum natural philosophies in peculiarly when he developed the construct of complementarity. By this Bohr could demo how deeply the cardinal characteristics of scientific mentality was affected by the alterations in natural philosophies and as a effects of this alteration of attitude range much further past the range of atomic natural philosophies and touch on all the spheres of human cognition. In a figure of essays were written during 1933- 1962 discoursing these positions. These essays are available in the English linguistic communication and are collected in two volumes each with the rubric: â€Å" Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge and Essays 1958- 1962 on Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge, edited by John Wiley and Sons, New York and London in 1958 and 1963 † , severally. Among the some 115 publications by Professor Bohr, three appear as books in the English linguistic communication can be referred to as stand foring his chief ideas are: â€Å" The Theory of Spectra and Atomic Constitution, University Press, Cambridge, 1922/2nd. ed. , 1924 ; Atomic Theory and the Description of Nature, University Press, Cambridge, 1934/ reissue 1961 ; The Unity of Knowledge, Doubleday & A ; Co. , New York, 1955 † . While Nazi Germany held business of Denmark during the clip of the Second World War, Niels fled to Sweden where he so spent the last twosome of old ages of the war life in England and besides in America, this was where Bohr came a portion of the Atomic Energy Project. Niels committed his work to in his ulterior old ages to the usage of atomic natural philosophies for peaceable agencies and besides to political jobs that were emerging after the devising of atomic arms. Bohr offered the recommendation in peculiar of developing towards the complete openness between states. Niels sentiments were particularly laid frontward in an Open Letter to the United Nations he sent during June in 1950. Bohr ‘s other accomplishments include being the President of the Royal Academy of Sciences of the Danish Cancer Committee, and the president of the Danish Atomic Energy Commission, he was besides a Foreign Member of the Royal Society in London. Niels was besides portion of the Royal Institution and Academies in the undermentioned Countries and States and Cities: Amsterdam, Berlin, Bologna, Boston, Budapest, Cracow, Dublin, Gottingen, Halle, Harlem, Helsingfors, Liege, Moscow, Munchen, Oslo, Paris, Rome, Stockholm, Trondhjem, Uppsala, Vienna, and Washington. Bohr was besides a Doctor, honoris lawsuit which means honour doctor's degree at universities, colleges and establishments from 1923 to 1939 ; these were located in Cambridge, Liverpool, Manchester, Oxford, Copenhagen, Edinburgh, Kiel, Providence, California, Oslo, Birmingham and London. From 1945 to 1962 ; Paris, Montreal, Glasgow, Aberdeen, Athens, Lund, New York, Basel, Aarhus, Macalester, Minnesota, Chicago, Zagreb, Haif a, Bombay, Calcutta, Warsaw, Brussels, Harvard, Cambridge and ( New York ) . Niels Bohr married during 1912 to Margrethe Norlund who was a perfect spouse for him. They had six boies but two died. The staying male childs made themselves celebrated businesss in assorted lines of work with Hans Henrik accomplishing a grade in medical specialty, Erik became a chemical applied scientist, Aage having a Ph.D. in theoretical physicist and so following in his male parent ‘s footfalls became the Director of the Institute for Theoretical Physics and Ernest became a attorney. Niels ‘ encephalon stayed qui vive as of all time till his decease ( in November 1962 aged 77 old ages of age ) ; during his last few old ages of Bohr ‘s life he showed a big involvement in the new promotions of molecular biological science. The newest of Bohr ideas on the job of Life came into position in his last and incomplete work was released after he died was called: â€Å" Light and Life revisited † .Atomic Theory Bohr ‘s Contribution.The Atomic Theory is a theorem on the nature of affair it states that affair is made up of distinct units called atoms and that in the universe could be broken down to highly little atoms. The word â€Å" atom † comes from the Greek adjectival â€Å" atomos † intending ‘undivisible ‘ was used to the basic atom that made up a chemical component because the chemists at that clip believed that these were the basic pieces of affair. The greatest valuable belongingss of atomic and molecular do up may be functioning as an illustration utilizing an easier made image of an atom that is referred to as the Bohr Model. This theoretical account was suggested by Bohr during the twelvemonth 1915 nevertheless it is non wholly right due to neutrons non being discovered yet but it has many features that are approximately right and it is equal plenty for much treatment. The right theorem of an atom is called quantum mechanics ; Niels Bohr ‘s theoretical account is unsmooth conjecture to quantum mechanics that has the unity of being much easier. hypertext transfer protocol: //image.tutorvista.com/content/atom/neils-bohr-model-atom.gif A Planetary Model of the Atom Niels Bohr ‘s theoretical account is every bit good known as the â€Å" planetal theoretical account † of the atom as an illustration it is used as a symbol for atomic energy. In the Bohr Model the protons are in the Centre of an atom this is called the karyon and the negatrons orbit the nucleus rather likewise like the planets in our solar system orbit the Sun nevertheless the orbits are non contained to a plane as is comparatively right in our solar system. This similitude between the planetal theoretical account and the theoretical account that Niels came up with of the atom in the terminal proceeded because the attractive gravitative force that is in a solar system and the attractive electrical force between the protons and negatrons in any atom are mathematically of the same. However even though the signifier is the same the strength of electrical interplay is much greater than the gravitative interaction in a solar system. In add-on to this there is ever a positive and negative electrical charge that causes the interactions to be drawing towards or forcing off nevertheless with gravitation it ever has an attractive force in our current existence.NIELS BOHR CONTRIBUTION TO QUANTUM MECHANICShypertext transfer protocol: //csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/light/bohrframe/h-levels.gif Quantized energy degrees in H The basal characteristic of quantum mechanics that is used in the theoretical account that Bohr came up with was wholly distinguishable from the correspondent planetal theoretical account where the generated power of the atoms in Niels atom is confined to peculiar distinct values. One says that the generated power is quantized significance that merely peculiar orbits with peculiar radii are allowed and so orbits in between merely do n't be. These degrees are marked by an whole number ‘n ‘ which is called a quantum figure. The lowest generated power province is usually called the land province. The provinces with repeatedly increased generated power than the land province are called: ‘first excited province ‘ , ‘second excited province ‘ and continues on a similar. Past generated power is named the ‘ionization potency ‘ with the individual negatron of Hydrogen is no longer attached to the atom. The generated power degrees so organize a patterned advance. In the circumstance of Hydrogen the patterned advance starts at 13.6 electron volts above the land province ( â€Å" electron volt † is short for â€Å" electron-Volt † , a by and large know unit of generated power in atomic natural philosophies ) . While this mode may look Wyrd to us that are educated from birth by watching phenomena in the macroscopic universe, it is the manner things act in the different universe of the quantum that grasps influence at the atomic degree.Bohr ‘s Engagement with the Atomic BombBohr ‘s cognition and ideas of fission were put to utilize in the creative activity of a concatenation reaction procedure that led to the development of the atomic bomb. Bohr used his â€Å" Liquid Drop † theoretical account to assist grok the fission procedure. During the Second World War, Niels and his household left Denmark in order to get away the menace against the Judaic people. Because Bohr himself was half Judaic ; his household and him escaped by taking a fishing boat to Sweden. After this Niels Bohr traveled to England where he was portion of treatments sing the atomic bomb undertaking. Bohr once more traveled during 1943, to Los Alamos, New Mexico to work with other Danish workers and other s cientists on the Manhattan Project. It is to an extent cryptic with the sum of aid by Bohr, but it is known that he was a portion of many treatments about the right usage and bid of the atomic bomb or with any other signifier of this freshly discovered energy beginning. Bohr was really disquieted with the atomic bomb and seemed to see it as something that could unite states, because it had the possible to do awful harm. As portion of Bohr ‘s work to advance the proper usage of the new atomic bomb Niels sent a missive during the twelvemonth 1950 to the United Nations to discourse peaceable policies with atomic arms. Bohr besides conversed with Roosevelt and Churchill about his sentiments about the topic of atomic energy.OTHER ACHIEVEMENTS BY BOHR.*1920-Bohr made descriptions of the periodic tabular array. *1936-Bohr described the karyon as a compound construction. *1939-Uranium isotope fission. This theory was proposed based on experiments to acknowledge the fission mechanism, by his co-worker O.R. Frisch in Bohr ‘s lab. The base thought for Frisch ‘s experiment came from the determination of decay merchandises by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman. Bohr was on his manner over to the United States when Frisch was undergoing his experiment nevertheless Bohr found out the consequences while on his manner and straight off came up with a theory. Bohr ‘s ideas deduced that the uncommon U isotope 235 was fissile by slow neutrons while the common isotope 238 was n't. This comprehension of unstable fission fragments straight off triggered the idea of using a concatenation reaction to make big sums of generated power. This was to be important to the devising of the atomic bomb in the old ages that followed. â€Å" Correspondence Principle † -Bohr stated that anticipations in quantum mechanics and classical mechanics should fit for the most energetic instances. Tw o theories were offered by Bohr and his fellow workers at the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen. Copenhagen reading of quantum mechanics. Complementary Bohr described as how two things can be as two distinguishable phenomena, each every bit of import and each defined under different fortunes. An illustration would be how an negatron can act like a atom and a moving ridge. Both are every bit of import. Awards and Positions *1916-Bohr returned to the University of Copenhagen to learn Physicss *1916-He was appointed Chair of Theoretical Physics at U. or Copenhagen *Appointed Director of the Niels Bohr Institute *1922-Won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his atomic construction *1957-Received the first U.S. Atoms for Peace Award

Cobweb Spiders, Family Theridiidae

Cobweb Spiders, Family Theridiidae From the harmless house spiders to the venomous widows, the family Theridiidae includes a large and diverse group of arachnids. Chances are theres a cobweb spider somewhere in your house right now. Description: Spiders of the family Theridiidae are also called comb-foot spiders. Theridiids have a row of setae, or bristles, on their fourth pair of legs. The setae help the spider wrap its silk around captured prey. Cobweb spiders are sexually dimorphic in size; females are larger than males. Female cobweb spiders have spherical abdomens and long, slender legs. Some species practice sexual cannibalism, with the female eating the male after mating. The black widow gets its name from this practice. Cobweb spiders build irregular, 3-dimensional webs of sticky silk. Not all spiders within this group build webs, however. Some cobweb spiders live in social communities, with spiderlings and adult females sharing the web. Others practice kleptoparasitism, stealing prey from other spiders webs. Classification: Kingdom – AnimaliaPhylum – ArthropodaClass – ArachnidaOrder – AraneaeFamily – Theridiidae Diet: Cobweb spiders feed on insects, and occasionally other spiders. When an insect becomes ensnared in the sticky strands of the web, the spider quickly injects it with venom and wraps it tightly in silk. The meal can then be consumed at the spiders leisure. Life Cycle: Male cobweb spiders roam in search of mates. In many species, the male uses a stridulatory organ to signal his interest in females. Though some Theridiid males do get eaten after mating, most survive to find another mate. The female cobweb spider wraps her eggs in a silk case and attaches it to a point near her web. She guards the egg sac until the spiderlings hatch. Special Adaptations and Defenses: With dozens of genera in the Theridiidae family, adaptations and defenses are as diverse as the cobweb spiders. Argyrodes spiders, for example, live along the edges of other spiders webs, dashing in to grab a meal when the resident spider isnt around. Some Theridiids mimic ants, either to trick potential ant prey or to fool possible predators. Range and Distribution: Cobweb spiders live throughout the world, with more than 2200 species described to date. Well over 200 Theridiid species live in North America.

How To Use Indefinite Articles Un and Una in Spanish

How To Use Indefinite Articles Un and Una in Spanish If you listen to oldies music, you may recall one of the sentences of a popular Spanish-language dance tune: Yo no soy marinero, soy capitn, soy capitn. Translated, that would be, I am not a mariner, I am a captain, I am a captain. That sentence indicates one of the differences between Spanish and English. Although English requires the word a before mariner and captain, Spanish doesnt require an equivalent word, which in this case would be un. Un and Una Classified as Indefinite Articles A and an are known to grammarians as indefinite articles, and the Spanish equivalents are un (used before masculine nouns and noun phrases) and una (feminine). Using the Spanish indefinite articles when they arent needed is one of the pitfalls for many beginning Spanish students. Say no soy un marinero, soy un capitn, and it would sound as awkward (and improper) as one possible translation into English: I am not one mariner, I am one captain. Generally speaking, whenever you use un or una in Spanish, you need to use a or an to say the equivalent in English. But the reverse isnt true. The appearance is that Spanish frequently omits the indefinite articles. Omitting Articles With Ser Dont use the indefinite article before an unmodified noun after a form of ser (to be), especially in reference to occupation, religion, affiliation, or social status. Normally, if the noun is modified, the article should be used: Soy profesor. (I am a teacher.)Él es un buen dentista. (He is a good dentist. Here, dentista is modified by buen.) ¿Eres catà ³lica? - No, soy una metodista feliz. (Are you a Catholic? No, Im a happy Methodist. Metodista is modified by feliz, but the unmodified catà ³lica stands alone.)Es artista. (She is an artist.)Es una artista que muere de hambre. (She is a starving artist.) Omitting Articles With Otro A common mistake made by English speakers is to use un otro or una otra for another. Otro/otra stands by itself. Quisiera otra taza. (I would like another cup.)Comprà ³ otro coche. (She bought another car.)Quiero viajar a otra ciudad chilena. (I want to visit another Chilean city.) Omitting Articles With Certain Large Numbers The numbers mil (1,000) and cien (100) do not need the article. Mil and cien already refer to one thousand and one hundred, respectively. Gana mil dà ³lares por mes. (He earns a thousand dollars per month.)Tiene cien aà ±os. (She is a hundred years old.)Hay mil maneras de cambiar el mundo. (There are a thousand ways to change the world.) Omitting Articles In Exclamations Using Que In exclamations such as  ¡Quà © sorpresa! (What a surprise!), theres no need to put anything between the que and the following noun.  ¡Quà © lstima! (What a shame!) ¡Quà © casa! (What a house!) ¡Quà © diferencia hace un dà ­a! (What a difference a day makes!) Omitting Articles With Some Prepositions After sin (without), the article is usually omitted unless the speaker is emphasizing the utter lack of something: Escribe sin ordenador. (He writes without a computer.)La ciudad tendr un mximo de 30 grados sin posibilidad de lluvia. (The city will have a high of 30 degrees without a possibility of rain.)La cantante compartià ³ fotos sin una gota de maquillaje. (The singer shared photos of herself without a single touch of makeup. It would be grammatically correct to leave out the una, but its inclusion puts emphasis on the utter lack of makeup.) The article is usually omitted after con (with) when con has a meaning similar to English words or phrases such as wearing or equipped with. When con can be translated as using, the article is typically omitted if the object is being used in an ordinary way. El bebà © come con cuchara. (The baby eats with a spoon. This is the ordinary use for a spoon, while the use in the next sentence isnt.)El preso se escapà ³ de la crcel con una cuchara. (The prisoner escaped from the jail with a spoon.)Vestir con zapato plano y obtener un resultado de 10 es posible. (Dressing with flat shoes and getting a 10 is possible. Contrast this sentence with the following example, where the shoe isnt being worn.)Sà © como abrir una botella con una zapato. (I know how to open a bottle with a shoe.) Omitting Articles After Certain Verbs The article is frequently omitted after forms of tener (to have), comprar (to buy), llevar (to wear), and some other verbs when generically referring to things that people would normally have or use one at a time. No tengo coche. (I dont have a car.)Lleva camisa. (He is wearing a shirt.)Vamos a comprar casa. (Were going to buy a house.) ¿Tiene madre? (Does he have a mother?) Including the Indefinite Article When English Doesn’t Finally, there is one case where we dont use the indefinite article in English where its needed in Spanish. In a series of two or more words joined by and, we often leave out the a or an, but when using y in Spanish the un or una is used to avoid ambiguity. In English we might say a cat and dog, for example, but in Spanish it must be un gato y un perro. Without the second un, the phrase would be understood as referring to one creature, a cross between a cat and dog. Note the distinction in these sentences: Conozco a un artista y un dentista. (I know an artist and I know a dentist.)Conozco a un artista y dentista. (I know a dentist who is also an artist.) Key Takeaways Although un and una are the equivalent of one, they are often better translated as a or an.Most of the time that Spanish uses un or una before a noun, the corresponding English sentence can be translated using a or an.The opposite, however, is not always true, as there are many times that an a or an is left untranslated in Spanish.