Abraham Lincoln Reaffirmed the Values of Our Founding Fathers

Seven score and nine years ago, Abraham Lincoln, our sixteenth President of the United States of America, set off for Gettysburg in order to consecrate Gettysburg National Cemetery. In an uncharacteristically short speech-at least for the 1860s-Lincoln was able to reaffirm the values our Founding Fathers had laid down in the Declaration of Independence as well as the Constitution, and painted a vision of a unified United States where freedom and democracy would be the rule for all citizens. Lincoln utilized various rhetorical devices to make the Gettysburg Address accomplish two tasks in one. The first is to bring remembrance to the principals and morals for which the United States was built upon, second is to honor the brave soldiers who fought and died at Gettysburg and consecrate the land upon which they stood and finally was to sway those attending into giving their â€Å"†¦last full measure of devotion-† to ensure a nation that would remain built upon the concepts o f liberty and democracy and continues to gain support for the cause of the war.. Seeking only to honor the dead and inspire the living, Lincoln ended up delivering one of the most powerful speeches in American-if not world-history. Lincoln, begins by citing the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution in the opening line, â€Å"Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.† TheseShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesbrutal oppression reached once unimaginable levels—in large part due to the refinement or introduction of new technologies of repression and surveillance and modes of mass organization and control. Breakthroughs in the sciences that greatly enhanced our understandings of the natural world and made for major advances in medicine and health care were very often offset by the degradation of the global environment and massive spurts in excessive mortality brought on by warfare, famine, periodic genocidal

Essay about Sephora Final - 1485 Words

Sephora Direct 1. Assuming she receives the additional funding, how should Bornstein allocate her budget across the various digital categories? Given that the additional funding requested must be shifted from Sephora’s other marketing spending, where would you propose to cut? Why? According to 2010 data, 45% of Sephoras media spending is in retail marketing that includes catalogs, store animations and print followed by 35% in Online marketing that includes search, affiliate and social media and 20% in Beauty Insider marketing that includes mails, gifts and events. The major chunk of media spending goes to traditional retail spending which in my view needs to be cut down. The reason for cutting catalog and print costs is that each day†¦show more content†¦2010 marketing mix was - Print catalogs - Direct mail/ Ads - Emails - Store window merchandizing - Online search advertising - Sales/promotions - Online display advertising Beauty talk was launched in September 2010. As more and more people started shopping online, beauty talk became important. I feel that it was wise to create Beauty Talk as a separate social platform to facebook because it connected the company with its beauty insiders, future customers and its clients. It became a central place where clients could anonymously ask personal questions and get quick response from Sephora experts or other members of the Sephora community. Also with beauty talk, Sephora could recognize its Superusers - people who answered a lot of questions voluntarily. It was built with strong search functionality. It also helped Sephora to save and query responses. People could ask potentially embarrassing questions which would not be possible to be asked on facebook as the real identity of the member would be revealed. Viewers could also search previously posted questions and answers. But it did not get the required response as people found it to be more in-depth and le ss well-understood experience. 3. As Sephora increasingly dabbles with digital marketing and social media, which competitors should the company be most worried about? Sephoras competitors include: a. Departmental stores: Macys andShow MoreRelatedSephor A Retail Chain Of Perfume And Cosmetics Stores Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pages 1. About Sephora Sephora is a retail chain of perfume and cosmetics stores founded in 1969 by Dominique Mandonnaud. It first started as a small perfumery in Limoges, France, called Shop 8 and was revolutionary at that time due to its concept of assisted self-service . The store had an open-sell setting where customers could try the products before they bought them and where the organisation of the products was by type, not by brand as in every other store. In 1993, Mandonnaud bought 38 retailRead MoreSephor A Retail Chain Of Cosmetics And Perfume Stores Essay1711 Words   |  7 PagesSephora is a retail chain of cosmetics and perfume stores founded in 1969 by Dominique Mandonnaud. It first started as a small perfumery in Limoges, France, called Shop 8 and was revolutionary at that time due to its concept of assisted self-service . The store had an open-sell setting where customers could try the products before they bought them and where the organization of the products in the store was by type, not by brand as in every other store. In 1993, Mandonnaud bought 38 retail cosmeticsRead MoreMarketing Sephora4083 Words   |  17 Pagesbalance the capabilities and assets of the company with opportunities outside the internal environment of the business. This is a marketing report, which will examine and analyse possibility for the French based chain of cosmetic stores called Sephora to enter UK market. The first part of the report will give a brief overview of the company, which will then be followed by Macro- Environmental Trend analysis of the market. This will be done by means of the application of PESTEL model, which willRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility Has Long Gone1347 Words   |  6 Pagesproducts produced and sold under Sephora are a part of Volunteer Architects Network; 2. There exists a partnership between Moà «t Hennessy and Aseema, a not for profit organization in India; 3. Donation from LVMH Group helps for research and care for children at the Robert Debrà © hospital; 4. In France, partnership with â€Å"Nos Quartiers ont des Talents† a non-profit association; (Unglobalcompact.org) Strategic planning: (http://www.slideshare.net/ilario78/lvmh-final-ppt-team-5-16495684) LVMH launchedRead MoreProduct Market Analysis Paper772 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Product Market Analysis Paper March 22, 2015 Nathan Butler Jr. As we wrap our final week in class, we’ve been discussing the proper format on how to promote or advertise whether it’s a sports drink, product, or any items in general. As I reflected over our class discussions, I started to think about some of the products that I felt weren’t receiving the proper marketing tactics and although a few came in mind, I thought about this cleaning product known as Awesome! Awesome Cleaning, which hasRead MoreLvmh : The Flagship Brand2323 Words   |  10 Pagesthough Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton is all luxury and they do have pretty similar brands-Moet and Dom both being Champagne-they still like to have some diversity. They will not take on too many similar brands for the sake of having some diversity. The final organizational strategy that Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton SA uses is marketing and distribution. Marketing is a huge part of any companies success and LVMH spares no expense when it comes to letting the public know about the ir product. This includesRead MoreWorld Leader Of Luxury Products1085 Words   |  5 Pagesthe economies of major European communities and uplift their notoriety for being cultural epicenters. Twenty-five percent of LVMH revenue is from the United States, 29% is from Asia, 17% is from Europe, 10% is from France, 7% is from Japan, and the final 12% is from other markets. In 2014, LVMH had a â‚ ¬19,837 million gross margin, and a â‚ ¬6,105 million net profit. Thirty-five percent of the annual revenue of LVMH is from the Fashion Leather Goods division. The rest of the annual revenue is as follows:Read MoreA Study On Oral History Assignment1385 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause of an appealing ad, he answered with an affirm no. Atif though acknowledges that we have become accustomed to filtering these ads out. â€Å"We sit through them, ignoring them, because we have no other way of getting to the content we want.† In his final thoughts, he did emphasize on a few things, which I found vital to note down. â€Å"Advertising can be harmful depending on how it is used, if it is creating a norm around something that is not achievable by a large segment of population then it is creatingRead MoreThe Death Of A Nurse1664 Words   |  7 Pagesfelt protective suddenly. Her dark curls knotted as they drooped wadded, and messy, over her shoulders. She wore no makeup. This was a strangers face, a faded, pale, face Melanie almost couldn’t recognize. Her mother always wore the complete line of Sephora makeup, always. Katherine barely shifted her eyes when Melanie approached her. Melanie softly announced herself by saying, Hi Mom. She waited for a response, nothing. Her mother must not have heard her. Clearing her throat to attempt it again. AlthoughRead MoreJCPenney: Americas Retail Destination Essay2286 Words   |  10 Pagessince January 31 of 2009. In 2009, their selling general and administrat ive expenses were only $5,280,000. Ultimately, that may indicate that from 2009 to 2010 it’s possible that JCPenney’s created job opportunities for people. Capital is the final factor in the production function. Generally, when capital is thought of the term money comes to mind. When dealing with economics, the term capital refers to things such as machinery and equipment that are used in the production of the actual product

Developmentally appropriate and child-centered curricula Free Essays

Ensuring that curriculum in early childhood education is both developmentally appropriate and child-centered involves educators making decisions about the most relevant content to include in the curriculum based on the needs, interests and capabilities of the learners. Developmental psychologists such as Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget, have done extensive work in describing the cognitive changes that children go through throughout their lifetime. Knowledge of these changes is important in guiding decisions about curricula content, material and activities. We will write a custom essay sample on Developmentally appropriate and child-centered curricula or any similar topic only for you Order Now Piaget proposed that each child moves progressively through each of four stages of cognitive development as they mature physically. These are the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational periods. At the early childhood level a child is in the sensorimotor and preoperational stages which lasts between ages zero (0) to two (2) years old and two (2) to seven (7) years respectively. Children first â€Å"learn about their surroundings by using their senses and motor skills†.  (Slavin, 2000, p. 33). Edwards (2005) believes that these stage-based characteristics that Piaget has identified are important starting points for curriculum design as educators need to have a clear understanding of the characteristics of learners before any decision can be made about what curricula content to deliver to them. In designing an early childhood curriculum Jalongo, Fennimore, Pattnaik, Laverick, Brewster, and Mutuku (2004) contend that the child must figure at the center of this process. As a results the developmental needs of the child must be first and foremost in the mind of the educator as decisions are made about curricula content and structure. First and foremost an early childhood curricula must be specific to the early childhood level. Jalongo et al (2004) caution that early childhood programs must be designed specifically for early childhood education â€Å"rather than replicate the curriculum and pedagogy that characterizes later academic experiences† (p. 145). Consequently tasks should be so designed so that they are manageable based on the cognitive and physical capabilities of the children. Additionally the designers of curricula material need to ensure that such programs and the material that go along with them are innovative. Educators in the field should work collaboratively in deciding on the most appropriate material to include in the curriculum. Moreover when it comes to actual classroom implementation the curriculum should be used as a guide and not as an absolute (Jalongo et al, 2004). This means that teachers should be flexible in implementing aspects of the curriculum based on the unique needs of their particular set of learners. Furthermore curricula should be continuously improved to reflect new knowledge about how children at the early childhood level learn. For each group of students the curriculum should be adopted to better serve their needs and challenges. Consideration must be given to the particular ethnic, cultural, and language characteristics of the children concerned and seek to meet them where they are. This means that, rather than trying to force children into a pre-made mold, educators must ensure that the children are the basis used in constructing the mold. Evidently the task of designing developmentally appropriate curriculum, though it is left mainly up to the educator who interacts most intimately with the students, must take into account the specific needs, interests and capabilities of learners. Educators cannot leave the child out of planning the early childhood curriculum. Failure to include the group at which early childhood programs are geared will only result in failure both on the part of the educator and the learner. References Edwards, S. (2005, Mar). Children’s learning and developmental potential: Examining the theoretical informants of early childhood curricula from the educator’s perspective. Early Years, 25(1), 67–80. Jalongo, M. R., Fennimore, B. S., Pattnaik, J., Laverick, D. M., Brewster, J. Mutuku, M. (2004, Dec). Blended perspectives: A global vision for high-quality early childhood education. Early Childhood Education Journal, 32(3), 143-155. Slavin, R. E. (2000). Educational Psychology: Theory and Practice. (6th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. How to cite Developmentally appropriate and child-centered curricula, Papers

Positron Emission Tomography

Question: Discuss about the Positron Emission Tomography. Answer: Introduction: Positron emission tomography (PET/CT) is a nuclear medicine scan used in medical diagnosis. Nuclear medicine imaging utilizes small quantities of radioactivematerial in the diagnoses and determination of disease severity or treatment of various types of diseases including neurological, endocrine, gastrointestinal, heart, cancer disorders, among other body abnormalities. Because molecular activity can be pinpointed through nuclear medicine, the procedures involved allow for the potential of early disease detection and subsequent immediate response to the necessary interventions (Guiberteau, 2016). In most medical center, superimposition of images is done with CT or MRI to create special images. These images give information from two separate exams which are correlated and then interpreted into a single image that has information that is more precise and also diagnosis that is accurate. Additionally, PET/CT scans are able to do imaging exams simultaneously. The PET/CT scan does body functions measurements such as oxygen utilization, blood flow, glucose metabolism, which help doctors in the accurate evaluation of the functioning of tissues and organs (Wehrl, Judenhoffer, Wiehr, et al., 2009). CT imaging utilizes specialized x-ray equipment with contrast materials where necessary to give several images of the internal workings in the body.(See Appendix 1 for basic architecture and flow chart of PET/CT scanner). Radiologists interpret these images using a monitor. CT scans offer anatomic information in a precise manner. The PET scanner has low specificity but high sensitivity whi le the CT scanner has high specificity and low sensitivity hence a combination of the two offers the best image resolutions for specific diagnoses. The use of PET/CT scans in diagnosis of cancer is known to result in therapeutic decision changes in 30% to 40% of cancer cases (Hillner, 2009).The characterization and diagnosis by MRI and CT imaging is premised on different criteria such as tissue attenuation, texture, and size. MRI and CT offer information on tissue density, organ size, and also precise topographic and spatial localization. On the other hand, the basis of PET imaging is the radioactive agent bio-distribution over space and time which enables the visualization of pathophysiological and physiological processes of disease functionality characterization. Risks of a PET scan When the PET is used in combination with a CT scan, additional tracers are needed and this can prove to be harmful to persons with a history of kidney diseases or persons with high levels of creatinine from medications they may be currently taking. When the eGFR45 it is an indication that there is no increased risk of damage to the kidney form the contrast material while an eGFR30, but does not surpass 45 indicates a slight risk of kidney damage. In such a situation, injecting additional fluid into the veins prior to and after injecting the contrast material will effectively prevent renal damage to the patient(Zagoria, 2015) Other minor risks include discomfort for persons who are afraid of needles or enclosed places (claustrophobic). There is also the possibility of developing an allergy due to the tracers. A person should alert the physician of any such allergies prior to having the test done. The Physician will require the patient to answer a number of questions to determine their eligibility (see Appendix 2 for the questionnaire) Benefits of PET/CT PET/CT scans offer tremendous advantages which can be summarized as: precise monitoring and treatment; accurate localization and staging; and early disease diagnosis. With the high quality images, patients have a better chance of getting precise diagnosis and avoid any additional and unnecessary procedures. A PET/CT scan allows for early cancer detection and reveals tumours which could be obscured by scarred tissue resulting from radiotherapy or surgery especially in the neck and head area (Fleming Johansen, 2008). Previously, difficulty was experienced in the interpretation of CT scan results done at different locations and at different times than a PET scan mainly because the body position of the patient changed with each scan. A PET/CT scan provides a complete image of the body occurrences both metabolically and anatomically simultaneously (RSNA, 2014) The ability of the scan to study the body functions allows for detection of any anatomical changes making it an effective diagnosis tool. The scan is able to distinguish between malignant and benign tumours which reduce the possibility of unnecessary surgeries. It is also effective in diagnosing the early stages of Alzheimer's disease, dementias, epilepsy, and other neurological disorders. PET/CT scans are infection free and pose no danger of secondary infection for patients (Glaudemans Signore, 2010). The Future of PET/CT Scans Molecular imaging using PET/CT scans is pivotal in cancer management as it assists in choosing the radiotherapy and cytostatic procedure that is most appropriate. It also contributes to the recurrence early detection. PET/CT shows promising signs of improving personalized medicine through better characterization of tumour extent, biological features, and response (Oyen, 2007). The use of intra-operative probes aid in minimal invasive surgery in tumour and sentinel nodes removal which could present morphological alteration that is unremarkable. Additionally, PET/CT offers treatment that is efficient through target radiotherapy of neuroendocrine tumours, thyroid disease, pain palliations for diffuse bone metastases patients, as well as non- There are new approaches being investigated which utilize alpha particles (Lucignani, 2008). In addition, PET/CT scans use in defining volumes of biological tumours and radiotherapy dose painting is promising plans for more efficient but less toxic tumour control (Weber et al., 2008; Anderson Ferdani, 2009) Positron emission tomography (PET) is now a vital imaging tool for cancer diagnosis and staging, as well as presenting prognostic evidences based on response. PET is important for the evaluation of unspecified solitary pulmonary nodules or masses, where PET has confirmed to be significantly more precise than computed tomography (CT) in the distinction between malignant and benign lesions. In the examinations for metastatic spread, PET is a vital in conventional imaging. However, currently, PET does not exchange conventional imaging. Benefits of PET/CT scan for cancer diagnosis Due to nuclear medicine image inherent characteristics as well as their low power resolution, it becomes challenging to define the exact disease' anatomical location which further complicates the interpretation of results. To avoid this challenge, a combination of the functional and molecular imaging offered by PET and the CT provided anatomical imaging is merged using combined scanners (Townsend, 2008) while development is underway for PET/MRI prototype (Wehrl et el., 2009).These hybrids allow for a diagnostic procedure to be carried out singularly through structure and function evaluation. The introduction of combined imaging allows for the possibility of diagnostic process re-examination, order of studies performance, and also therapeutic pathway construction. A radionuclide in a PET scanner tracks at a molecular level, a precise biological process. The radioactive tracer is able to distinguish between molecular/cellular activities that are normal from the abnormal. The positron emitters commonly used in this process include nitrogen-13, oxygen-15, carbon-11, and fluorine-18. These emitters while in their non-radioactive form are all active molecule biological constituents. Fluorine-18 is most suited for hydrogen. The emitters are thus suitable for labelling any molecule without making any changes to the respective metabolic pathway (Bockisch, Freudenberg, Schmidt, et al., 2009). Tumour Growth Process The simple way of describing the process of a tumour growth is that they divide and multiply before infiltrating neighbouring tissues and structures and finally spreading to distant locations through a process referred to as metastasis. Tumours require energy for growth and metastasis and hence utilize glucose. Glucose provides the tumour cells with the necessary energy for activity. While the normal body cells also utilize glucose to carry out their respective functions, tumour cells utilize glucose at higher rates than the normal cells (Salskov et al., 2007). Labelling is done using fluorine-18 which like FDG is a glucose analogue. Fluorine-18 is used as a tracer as it decays quickly which minimizes exposure of the patient to radiation. Fluorine-18 is also preferred as a tracer because it naturally indicates the metabolic state of cells and more so in cancer cells and hence it is detected easily. For the detection of cancerous cells using PET/CT scan, Fluorine-18 is often used in t he form of the biologically active F18-FDG model which is a radioactive labelled glucose analogue which allows for metabolism of glucose in both abnormal and normal cells (Salskov et al., 2007) In this case study, the patient was a 39 year old female who had a documented history of colorectal cancer. She was first evaluated in April 2015. After the initial evaluation, the patient went through preoperative radiation therapy. This was followed by rectal cancer surgical resection which was done in late May 2015. Systematic chemotherapy course was adhered to after the surgical procedure. In September 2015, a follow up PET scan showed a previously identified uptake of FDG in the pelvic area which was consistent with the malignancy that had been treated. The respective lung lesion pathology results indicated adenocarcinoma that was metastatic and which was consistent with primary colorectal cancer. As mentioned earlier, a follow PET/CT scan that was done some months after the resection indicated that there was no recurrence f cancer or existence of any residual malignancy as shown in the images below. A follow up was scheduled for July of 2017 and is likely to show no evidence of malignancy. PET/CT after resection showing no evidence of malignancy The role of FDG-PET was critical in the patient's initial staging of colorectal cancer and also in the monitoring that followed. In addition, PET/CT also aided in the characterization of the SPN lesion as being suspicious for cancer. Physicians and professionals in the medical field have recognized and appreciated the role that PET/CT scans play in managing solitary metastatic lesions and more so in the determination of whether a patient is a candidate for a metastasectomy or lymph node, liver, or lung lesion ablation using radiotherapy. In the case where the metastasis is solitary, the outcomes have shown to be promising as seen in the case study discussed above. In this case, the nodule was characterized using PET/CT scan as being suspicious for cancer while it was still at a relatively small size and at an initial stage of metastasis. By using PET/CT scan, the SPN lesion was confirmed as being solitary and eligible for a procedural metastasectomy. However, it should be noted that nodules that are less than a centimetre in size cannot be characterized reliably by a PET/CT scan. References Anderson, C.J., Ferdani, R., (2009). Copper-64 radiopharmaceuticals for PET imaging of cancer: advances in preclinical and clinical research, Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 24: 379-93. Bockisch, A., Freudenberg, L.S., Schmidt, D., Kuwert, T., (2009). Hybrid imaging by SPECT/CT and PET/CT: proven outcomes in cancer imaging. Semin Nucl Med. 39: 276-89. Fleming AJ, Jr, Johansen ME. (2009). The clinicians expectations from the use of positron emission tomography/computed tomography scanning in untreated and treated head and neck cancer patients.Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.16:12734. Glaudemans AWJM, Signore A.(2010). FDG-PET/CT in infections: the imaging method of choice?European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.37(10):19861991 Guiberteau, M (2016) Positron Emission Tomography - Computed Tomography (PET/CT) https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=pet Lucignani, G.,(2008). Alpha-particle radioimmunotherapy with astatine-211 and bismuth-213,Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 35; 9:1729-33. Macklis, R.M., (2007). Radioimmunotherapy as a therapeutic option for Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Semin Radiat Oncol. 17:176-83. MacManus MP, Seymour JF, Hicks RJ. (2007). Overview of early response assessment in lymphoma with FDG-PET.Cancer Imaging.7:108 Oyen, W.J., et al. (2007). Targeted therapy in nuclear medicine--current status and future prospects. Ann Oncol. 18:1782-92. RSNA (2014). FDG-PET/CT UPICT V 1.0 Imaging Protocol. https://www.rsna.org/uploadedFiles/RSNA/Content/Science_and_Education/QIBA/UPICT_FDG-PET_Protocol_ver08July2014.pdf Salskov, A., Tammisetti, V.S., Grierson, J., Vesselle, H., (2007). FLT: measuring tumor cell proliferation in vivo with positron emission tomography and 3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]fluorothymidine, Semin Nucl Med. 37;6:429-39. Townsend, D.W., (2008). Dual-modality imaging: combining anatomy and function, J Nucl Med.49:938-55. Weber, D.C., et al., R.,(2009). Recurrence pattern after [(18)F]Fluoroethyltyrosine-Positron Emission Tomography-guided radiotherapy for high-grade glioma: A prospective study, Radiother Oncol. 93;3:586-592. Wehrl, H.F., Judenhofer, M.S., Wiehr, S., Pichler, B.J., (2009). Pre-clinical PET/MR: technological advances and new perspectives in biomedical research, Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 36:56-68. Zagoria, R. (2015). CT and MRI Contrast and Kidney Function. (Retrieved 19th April, 2017). https://radiology.ucsf.edu/blog/abdominal-imaging/ct-and-mri-contrast-and-kidney-function.